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Family Counseling Approach - Narrative Therapy Essay

Family Counseling Approach – Narrative Therapy Kristi Sabbides Moos Liberty University Marriage and Family Counseling I May 13, 2011 Dr. Suhad Sadik, Instructor Abstract Narrative therapy focuses on helping clients gain access to preferred story lines about their lives and identities and takes the place of previous negative and self-defeating narratives about themselves. An overview of the Social Construction Model, Narrative Therapy, is presented, as well as poststrucuralism, deconstructionism, self-narratives, cultural narratives, therapeutic conversations, ceremonies, letters and leagues in addition to several facets of narrative therapy. Personal integration of faith in this family†¦show more content†¦Once engaged in storytelling, they frequently reconnect with the disturbance whether they intend to or not. Understanding what is going on when a client tells a story is not easy for the therapist, but there is usually more going on that is being told according to Rennie. Storytelling and narrative usage prove to be successful and useful in psychotherapy practices (Rennie, 1994). Narrative therapy emerged from postconstructuralis m and deconstruction (Goldenberg Goldenberg, 2008). â€Å"Poststructural thought rejects the notions that there is a deep structure to all phenomena and that its complexity can be broken down to its elements† (Goldenberg Goldenberg, 2008, p. 367). Therapy must look for deep, underlying causes, repair the flaw and not be satisfied with simply reducing or eliminating symptoms. Deconstructing old notions and replacing them with possibilities reduces the power of the stories that dominate and are filled with problems (Goldenberg Goldenberg). The stories are given thick descriptions rather than thin descriptions and the new story of a client’s life is connected to future options. One tool that is helpful in narrative deconstruction and reconstruction is NPCS – Narrative Process Coding System (Angus Hardtke, 2001). It is a two-step process which enables raters to subdivide therapy session transcripts into segments and divide and characterize topicShow MoreRel atedNarrative Analysis : Narrative Therapy757 Words   |  4 PagesNarrative therapy is one of the post-modern therapies used today. Narrative therapy helps individuals identify their values, skills, and knowledge they have to effectively face problems in their lives. The key ideas of narrative therapy are: people’s stories give meaning to their lives, stories are shaped by emotional themes, a person’s story shapes his/her personality, people seek counseling when their stories do not match their lived experiences, and people who have less social power benefit greatlyRead MoreNarrative Therapy1612 Words   |  7 PagesNarrative therapy is a family counseling approach that continues to evolve and gain popularity in the field of therapy (Chang Nylund, 2013). Given the continued strides of narrative therapy this is a family counseling approach worthy of research. This paper will detail the beginnings of narrative therapy and those responsible for its development. Althou gh White and Epston are the leading figures of narrative therapy many individuals with varying backgrounds and beliefs influenced their thinkingRead MoreNarrative Therapy By Michael White And Davis Epston1118 Words   |  5 PagesTheory Overviews: Narrative Therapy Narrative therapy was developed by Michael White and Davis Epston in during the 1980 s. Narrative therapy is described as a â€Å" collaboration and non-pathologizing approach to counseling and community work which centres people as the experts on their own lives† (Narrative Therapy Centre, 2014). The basis of this theory is to separate the person from the problem so they rely on their own skill sets to eliminate their problems. Narrative therapy allows people toRead MorePerson Centered Therapy : A Type Of Therapeutic Approach Essay1581 Words   |  7 Pagesapproaches to how and what therapies are best to use when treating a range of clients. Freud, Erickson, Maslow, and Carl Rogers are some of the few that recognized an importance in a type of therapeutic approach. However, while each man has their own different take on therapeutic approach, the main thing that is unavoidable between them all is that the beginning of healing starts with self. Person Centered Therapy Person Centered Therapy, also recognized as client centered therapy promotes an improvedRead MoreThe Our Lady Of Lake Community Counseling Center1545 Words   |  7 PagesCommunity Counseling Center (CCS) purpose is to provide private, affordable counseling services for families, couples and individuals, which focuses on strengths and solutions (Community Counseling Service, n.d.). The center is designed to help people and their families to function better with their feelings, and engage in healthier relationships. CCS helps with the mental health needs of all San Antonio, but its target population is the community on the West Side of the city (Community Counseling ServiceRead MoreThe Treatment Of Young Victims Of Child Sexual Abuse1464 Words   |  6 Pagesvictim’s family, and the counselor. The trauma associated with the abuse and the time it may take the child to heal can become very overwhelming. There are barriers, such as a lack of family support and lack of disclosure, which may block victims of child sexual abuse from successful treatment. Overcoming these barriers and incorporating multiple methods of treatment can be beneficial for the victim. Specifically, trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy and relational-cultural play therapy with additionalRead MoreCouples And Families Face Challenges3231 Words   |  13 PagesMany couples and families face challenges. There will be challenges in every relationship in life. Families are always expanding and the structures of famil ies are always changes. These changes and adjustments play a significant part in our lives. Our lives are made of so many components. It families can t adjust to the changes presented in life members of the unit will to drift. It is very important for family members to understand their own capabilities and also now the capabilities of the otherRead MoreSarah Reynoldss Influence On Life1543 Words   |  7 PagesA 30 year old woman named Sarah Reynolds came to me for counseling because she believes that she a bad person. She expressed to me that she began feeling this way when she was in high school. Growing up, Sarah had three siblings and two parents in her household, and her parents had a role for each child. When Sarah was younger she was bullied in school and never felt pretty enough, but once she got to high school she began to feel more comfortable in her own skin. She made a lot more friends andRead MoreMy Goals As A Social Worker Practitioner1737 Words   |  7 PagesSocia l workers that use postmodern approach examine socio cultural issues such as how client problems and beliefs become socially constructed, the need for empowerment of marginalized clients, the political nature of therapy, and a need for social justice. As a healthcare social worker working with multicultural population it is important to understand how the culture play a big role in people’s life. The systems approaches, like feminist therapy and family therapy share postmodern notions. The systemsRead MoreEssay on Narrative Therapy1589 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract This paper will look at the logic of narrative therapy by focusing on 5 major points. This paper will begin by discussing how the narrative approach defines and perceives problems. It will address how narrative therapy views the nature of the relationship between the client and the professional. This paper will look at how problems are solved using the narrative approach. It will also focus on three main techniques used in narrative therapy, which will include externalization, deconstruction

Drawbacks of the Common Law System Free Essays

Explain the drawbacks of the common law system in England and Wales. ‘Common law’ originated in England in the 11th century. Today in the United States of America, some common law principles from the original English Law are being applied. We will write a custom essay sample on Drawbacks of the Common Law System or any similar topic only for you Order Now Alongside it is the branching body of Common Law which is in the process of being set as a part of stare decisis which itself is an abbreviation of the Latin phrase ‘stare decisis et non quieta movere’ which translates as ‘to stand by decisions and not to disturb settled matters’, whereby the judicial systems decisions and interpretation of statutory law provisions by judges, are becoming a part of the common law. Judges too do look to these decisions as a guideline, reference or as a necessary precedent to follow, whilst making their own decisions. Although advantages of the system have been significant in England and Wales, drawbacks of the system gradually came on par. As these decisions are based on past cases, predictability of the outcome increased and people are more exposed to what should be expected, however so, with the element of predictability, absurdity on deciding cases may occur. In referring to a decided case, if there appears to be no change and the decision is followed again by a judge, a bad decision will eventually be perpetuated. And considering common law systems have been following precedents as a base, changes takes a long time to happen. In the meantime, a bad decision from a past case continues to be upheld. It became a major criticism of common law systems that it can be hard to locate the relevant principles due to the available volume of material. Common law which was based on the principle of binding precedent meant that judges must follow precedent even if they disagree with it. Judges too were not able to distinguish essentially similar cases although they were on grounds decision made would be inappropriate. Lord Denning too criticised the doctrine to stand by what has been decided by saying, â€Å"if lawyers hold to their precedents too closely, forgetful of the fundamental principles of truth and justice which they should serve, they may find the whole edifice comes tumbling down about them. Just as the scientist seeks for truth, so the lawyer should seek for justice. Just as the scientist takes his instances and from them builds up his general propositions, so the lawyer should take his precedents and from them build up his general principles. Just as the propositions of the scientist fail to be modified when shown not to fit all instances, or even discarded when shown in error, so the principles of the lawyer should be modified when found to be unsuited to the times or discarded when found to work injustice. , which in other words meant accepting the decisions of old law leads to unfairness and injustice. Furthermore, when precedent appears absent the common law legal system will be bound to face difficulties in making judgements. Difficulties will arise and flood various parties which include judges and those with intention to claim justice will be at lost with the unavailability of a decided precedent to refer to. This has been said on certain occasion to lead to a high degree of unpredictability based on illogical distinctions. How to cite Drawbacks of the Common Law System, Essays

Bruegel, Pieter the Elder free essay sample

Pieter Bruegel ( about 1525-69 ) , normally known as Pieter Bruegel the Elder to separate him from his senior boy, was the first in a household of Flemish painters. He spelled his name Brueghel until 1559, and his boies retained the H in the spelling of their names. Pieter Bruegel the Elder, by and large considered the greatest Flemish painter of the sixteenth century, is by far the most of import member of the household. He was likely born in Breda in the Duchy of Brabant, now in The Netherlands. Accepted as a maestro in the Antwerp painters club in 1551, he was apprenticed to Coecke new wave Aelst, a taking Antwerp creative person, sculpturer, designer, and interior decorator of tapestry and stained glass. Bruegel traveled to Italy in 1551 or 1552, finishing a figure of pictures, largely landscapes, there. Returning place in 1553, he settled in Antwerp but ten old ages subsequently moved for good to Brussels. We will write a custom essay sample on Bruegel, Pieter the Elder or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He married van Aelst s girl, Mayken, in 1563. His association with the new wave Aelst household drew Bruegel to the artistic traditions of the Mechelen ( now Malines ) part in which allegorical and peasant subjects run strongly. His pictures, including his landscapes and scenes of peasant life, emphasize the absurd and vulgar, yet are full of zest and all right item. They besides expose human failings and follies. He was sometimes called the peasant Bruegel from such plants as Peasant Wedding Feast ( 1567 ) . He developed an original manner that uniformly holds narrative, or story-telling, significance. In capable affair he ranged widely, from conventional Biblical scenes and fables of Jesus to such fabulous portraitures as Landscape with the Fall of Icarus ; spiritual fables in the manner of Hieronymus Bosch ; and societal sarcasms. But it was in nature that he found his greatest inspiration. His mountain landscapes have few analogues in European art. Popular in his ain twenty-four hours, his plants have remained systematically popular. Bruegel died in Brussels between Sept. 5 and 9, 1569. Pieter Brueghel the Younger ( 1564-1638 ) was the senior of two boies born merely a few old ages before their male parent s decease. Known as Hell Brueghel because of his captivation with hobgoblins, fires, and grotesque figures, he made his calling in Antwerp, where he became a maestro in the club in 1585. He is best known as a scribe of his male parent s pictures, as they were both popular and scarce. In his ain canvases, such as Village Fair and The Crucifixion, he shows a steadfast appreciation of infinite and motion. His boy, Pieter Brueghel III ( 1589- ? 1640 ) , was besides known chiefly as a scribe. Jan Brueghel ( 1568-1625 ) , called the velvet Brueghel, was the 2nd boy of Pieter Bruegel the Elder and, like his brother Pieter Brueghel the Younger, made his calling in Antwerp. Known for his still lifes of flowers and for his landscapes, he was a friend of Peter Paul Rubens and collaborated with him in pictures such as Adam and Eve in Paradise. He specialized in little wooded scenes that were finely finished and brilliantly colored. His manner was perpetuated by his boies Jan Brueghel II ( 1601-78 ) and Ambrosius Brueghel ( 1617-75 ) , whose boies carried on the tradition into the eighteenth century.

I Want My Mp3 Essays - Metallica, File Sharing Networks,

I Want My Mp3 I Want My MP3 Music is something that can be listened to almost anywhere due to modern technology. When it comes to listening to music while sitting at a computer, controversy arises. People today want to just be able to click the mouse a few times and be able to listen to thousands of different songs. A web site known as Napster is in the middle of a lawsuit with the Recording Industry Association of America, RIAA for short, over their software. This software lets subscribers download all the MP3's they want and do whatever they want with them. The controversy arises when these files are then ?illegally? transferred across the Internet. Many different terms are used to describe what is involved in this lawsuit. ?MP3, standing for MPEG-1, Layer 3, is a code for compressing the size of audio files for digital distribution?(www.oreilly.com.) This is usually done by using a computer program that takes songs off of Compact Disks by a method called ?ripping? and then converting them into what are known as MP3's. These files can then be easily sent to other people being that one of these files is on average about one megabyte per minute of song. And this ability is what is the cause of all the hullabaloo is about. Like personal computers the Internet, MP3's, and Napster have not been around for very long. According to Napster.com Shawn Fanning developed the original Napster application and service in January 1999 while a freshman at Northeastern University. He then founded the company in May of that year. Later in 1999 RIAA started a lawsuit against Napster stating the company is violating federal and state copyright laws. Since then both sides have been in court numerous times arguing over who is right, and whether or not to shut down Napster. There are basically two different viewpoints to this conflict: the first being Napster defending of themselves. According to the policies listed on their web page they say, ?Napster enables musicians and music fans to locate bands and music available in the MP3 format? Napster respects copyright law and expects our users to do the same? (www.napster.com.) A complete list of company policies can be found on their web page, which covers every aspect of copyright infringement. It does later continue on to say, ?that some MP3 files may have been created or distributed without copyright owner authorization.? As with most companies providing a service, Napster does hold the right to terminate a users account at any time. And before being allowed to download the Napster software the user is required to agree with the End User License Agreement, or EULA. And to agree with this contract it takes no more than a single click. If it is so easy to find download songs, then it must not be illegal is a statement that might be heard from a prospective user. With that statement comes the viewpoint of the RIAA, ?RIAA, on behalf of its members, sued Napster because it launched a service that enables and facilitates piracy of music on an unprecedented scale?As for MP3 technology, RIAA and its members have no objection to the format itself. RIAA only has a problem with the illegal uses of the format to distribute copyrighted recordings without the permission of the artist or record company? (www.riaa.com). So the RIAA is saying that they are pleased that the consumer is buying musical Compact Disks. Then if that person wants to pull the songs off of their CD's and put them onto their computer then they can as long as the music stays on their computer only. After ripping the CD of their choice the buyer cannot then legally distribute the music to anyone whether it be parents or friends. Bibliography Napster.com Inc. ?Napster Copyright Policy? January 2000 http://www.napster.com O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. ?MP3: The Definitive Guide? January 2000 http://www.oreilly.com Recording Industry Association of America ?RIAA/News? January 2000 http://www.riaa.com Computers and Internet

Free Essays on Captain James Cook

James Cook (1728-1779) was an English sailing ship Captain, Navigator, and Pacific Ocean expedition leader. James Cook was born on 27 October 1728 in Marton, England. His father was a poor farm labourer who had worked his way up to Overseer. James began as a farm labourer and grocer's assistant. He soon found employment on the Baltic sea in a Collier (coal transport ship) at the age of 18. During the war with the French in 1755, James Cook enlisted as an Able Seaman on the Eagle. Within a month he was promoted, because of outstanding ability, to Master's Mate. Four years later he was promoted to Master. In command of his own ship, James Cook performed a crucial charting of the St. Lawrence River, which made possible the great amphibious assault upon Quebec City in 1759. In 1763 he was given command of the schooner Grenville to survey the eastern coasts of Canada over a four year period. These excellent charts were used up until the early part of the 20th century. James Cook was selected to lead a 1768 expedition to observe the transit of Venus, and to explore new lands in the Pacific Ocean. In his first Pacific voyage, James Cook rounded Cape Horn in the Endeavour and reached Tahiti on 3 June 1769. After recovering a necessary scientific instrument stolen by the natives, the transit of Venus was successfully observed. The Endeavour then spent six months charting New Zealand. James Cook next explored and claimed possession of eastern Australia. Returning to England, on 12 June 1771, via New Guinea, Java and the Cape of Good Hope, the crew suffered an appalling 43% fatality rate. James Cook thus became very concerned about crew health on subsequent voyages. He instituted compulsory dietary reforms that were copied by many other ship captains. The object of Captain Cook's second Pacific Ocean voyage was to confirm the existence of a theorized Great Southern Continent. His ship the Resolution, accompanied by the Adventure,... Free Essays on Captain James Cook Free Essays on Captain James Cook James Cook (1728-1779) was an English sailing ship Captain, Navigator, and Pacific Ocean expedition leader. James Cook was born on 27 October 1728 in Marton, England. His father was a poor farm labourer who had worked his way up to Overseer. James began as a farm labourer and grocer's assistant. He soon found employment on the Baltic sea in a Collier (coal transport ship) at the age of 18. During the war with the French in 1755, James Cook enlisted as an Able Seaman on the Eagle. Within a month he was promoted, because of outstanding ability, to Master's Mate. Four years later he was promoted to Master. In command of his own ship, James Cook performed a crucial charting of the St. Lawrence River, which made possible the great amphibious assault upon Quebec City in 1759. In 1763 he was given command of the schooner Grenville to survey the eastern coasts of Canada over a four year period. These excellent charts were used up until the early part of the 20th century. James Cook was selected to lead a 1768 expedition to observe the transit of Venus, and to explore new lands in the Pacific Ocean. In his first Pacific voyage, James Cook rounded Cape Horn in the Endeavour and reached Tahiti on 3 June 1769. After recovering a necessary scientific instrument stolen by the natives, the transit of Venus was successfully observed. The Endeavour then spent six months charting New Zealand. James Cook next explored and claimed possession of eastern Australia. Returning to England, on 12 June 1771, via New Guinea, Java and the Cape of Good Hope, the crew suffered an appalling 43% fatality rate. James Cook thus became very concerned about crew health on subsequent voyages. He instituted compulsory dietary reforms that were copied by many other ship captains. The object of Captain Cook's second Pacific Ocean voyage was to confirm the existence of a theorized Great Southern Continent. His ship the Resolution, accompanied by the Adventure,...

The Pluralism Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Pluralism Project - Essay Example Therefore, from her article she summarizes that pluralism is like an engagement. It helps in bringing a common society from different diversity together. It is considered to be among the possible responses to the new diversity. Pluralism in our society is not welcomed fully, some look at it with extreme hostility while others feel threatened by it. Other people in our society are looking forward to the days when the differences seen in our society will fade away into the predominantly Christian culture landscape. These voices of the past are now being echoed in the current America’s religious and cultural discussions. The diversity has produced fault lines in America’s religions, and these lines of weakness indicate how American society is with huge cracks of separation. Ecks sees the pluralism alone is not the cause of Americas diversity hut it plays an active engagement role in diversity. It is more than just tolerating the religious differences in our society, what pluralism requires is knowledge for one to understand it and fully appreciate it. It is an act of individuals respecting what others believe in pertaining a given religion. It is also used to refer to different beliefs that are held by more religious views to be acceptable by the beliefs or appear equally valid. Religious pluralism is considered an expression that tries to accept any religion that is in existing or that relates to each in certain ways. It is more than just mere tolerance of other views that are being put forth by other religions (Chaves and Gorski, pg. 261). Pluralism in religion tends to admit the fact that the name put forth by the various religious views throughout the world is not regarded as the ultimate and exclusive source of truth. What this tries to portray is that some elements of truth do exist in religion as much as it exists in

Academic writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Academic writing - Essay Example Its crystal that shock to the head from sports like boxing, rugby, American football and ice hockey have caused long term brain injuries to the associated players. The latest game coming into the light about brain injuries sustained from head collisions is soccer. According to the Legendary Pele, Ball heading resulting from play is supposed to be done using the forehead with clenched fists. It can also be done using the tensed neck muscle and failure to that resulted in misdirected play and a greater impact on the brain. This is because a header caused one’s mind to shake in the skull. When it came to children they either failed to follow the necessary steps while heading or are not strong enough. Considering that they are still growing, their neck muscles even though tensed are not adequately strong to protect their skulls from absorption of the elevated G-force. Since their heads are big and wobble in proportion to the whole body than adults, the brain is likely to shake ins ide the skull on impact. In comparison to a 6-year-old non-developmentally ready to pass the ball, 12-year-old should not be allowed to head. Studies have also established that children take longer to heal mental children as compared to adults. They are also more susceptible to injuries because their skull is not well developed to sustain external forces (Cantu and Hayman, 2014). Since children aren’t able to decide and prepare how appropriately to head the ball, they are more susceptible to head injuries. Such injuries may be attributed to the inadequacy in strength to head, awareness in the best heading way or not well-coordinated to head. Furthermore, the neck muscles are not well developed to hold the head steadily and deal with the impact from heading. While watching a children’s game, it won’t take long notice that heading is useless. It’s always a result of guesswork and done randomly with closed eyes and the ball non-directional. The ball in most cases makes contact

Lab 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lab 5 - Essay Example However, when the value of frequency was upped to 100, as in image 5, the amplitude of spectrum obtained was more distantly spaced when compared to those previous images with frequencies 5 and 50. Overall, the experiment proves differences/ changes in wavelength when frequencies are altered. In addition, the experiment Fourier offers better insight regarding waves. The images highlighted above are those of frequency wavelength cycles of 20.5, 60 and 100 that are found in the direction of X. Proportional to the frequency value/ strength applied the 2 dots found on the right portion of the images are variously spaced. This is seen the three images 7, 8 and 9 where images 8 and 9 which have superior frequencies exhibit greater spacing between the two dots that image 7 that has frequency 20.5. Image 9 has the greatest spacing therefore, as is clearly seen. This test demonstrates that waves are not found in the direction of Y but are situated along the X direction. The images shown have two spikes divided by the Fourier transform and the image and are exhibited as two different frequencies. As observed in image 10, there exist spikes frequencies which are low at 5.5. In image 11, spikes are of high frequency, at 30.5 with two waves above 0. The first of these waves above 0 is parallel to the low waves of frequency at 5.5 and the second one also parallel but to the waves of frequencies that are high at 30.5. Moreover, the spikes on the positive section resemble mirror images of those on the negative part as observed in the images 11, 13, 15. Image 13 and 12 additionally depict the same outcome as above when their values of N1 is 5.5 and that of N2 is 70.5. This implies simply that more brightness is obtained with increase in frequency. Contrarily, image 14 and image 15 with N1 being 20 and N2 at 22 do not result in frequencies that are good as the waves move and stop repeatedly (as observable in the images). To counteract this

Psychological Contracts And Boundaryless And Protean Careers Management Essay

Psychological Contracts And Boundaryless And Protean Careers Management Essay Introduction The way in which academics are treating careers has evolved greatly over the last 30 40 years. In a traditional career model a workers portfolio generally consisted of one, maximum two firms and progression within these was expected to be linear (Levinson, 1978; Super, 1957). Achievement was awarded internally within the organisation and was generally measured in upward promotion and salary payments. (Hall, 1996). The premise of the psychological contract between an organisation and its employee has often been used as a means of analysing changes in the employment relationship (Sturges 2005). The psychological contract has been defined as an individuals beliefs, shaped by the organization, regarding terms of an implicit agreement between the individual and the organization (Sturges 2005) One of the most frequent arguments is that the traditional ideology of job security in return for job effort, or an organizational career in return for loyalty and hard work, has been diminished due to changes in organisations structure such as downsizing, de-layering and outsourcing (Guest, 1998). Miles Snow (1996) also noted that the tall, multi-layer, functionally organized structures characteristic of many large companies have changed Academics and practitioners have noted the importance of re-evaluating the nature of career attitudes (Arthur Rousseau, 1996; Hall, 1976) in a hope to create better understanding and models to map its progression (Sullivan 1999) Relevant literature heralds two new paradigms for the use in examining careers. The Boundaryless career (Arthur Rousseau, 1996) and the protean career (Hall, 1976,2002). As a result of the changing environmental conditions it is theorised that employers can no longer offer lifetime employment (Sullivan, 1999). Therefore these models offer an alternative way to look at careers, careers that become self managed and self influenced and are not bound by any one organisation or indeed industry (Arthur Rousseau, 1996; Hall, 1976) In this work I will begin by looking at the changing nature of the psychological contract looking at employees perceived obligations towards them and how these effect the employer/employee relationship. I will then examine how the changing nature of this relationship has led to the rise of the new Boundaryless and Protean career. I then intend to look at the relationship between the two paradigms before continuing on to look at the limitation regarding current work in the field Discussion Early work on the nature of careers and psychological contracts began in the late 50s and was heavily influenced by the adult development work such as that by Donald Super (1957) and Daniel Levinson (1978). It is argued that the psychological contract between and employee and the employer which contains the perceived terms and conditions that are not noted in the written employment contract (Rousseau, 1989), has undergone major changes. As a result employers and employees are now looking at new forms of career relationships. Levinson (1978) saw the psychological contract as a series of mutual expectations of which the parties to the relationship may not themselves be dimly aware but which nonetheless govern their relationship to each other. Working by the traditional psychological contract, employees were seen to exchange loyalty and commitment for long term or lifetime employment from their employer. However under the newly theorised contract, employees exchange their good performan ce for marketable skills and personal development (Rousseau Wade-Benzoni, 1995). Part of the problem in analysing the changing nature of psychological contracts as identified by Guest (1998) is that by their very nature these contracts are perceptions, expectations, beliefs, promises and obligations A view supported by Rousseau, (1995) who described the psychological contract as a promise made and a consideration offered in exchange for it, binding the parties to some set of reciprocal obligation One problem as identified by Guest (1998) is that the terms expectations and beliefs hold different values to the term obligations. As Guest states failure to meet expectations is rather different than failing to meet obligations as expectations and beliefs are derived from social norms whereas obligations are perceived promises and entitlement. Sturges et al (2002) theorised that over time an employee feels that they are owed more from an organisation due to the time they have invested into staying with them and therefore the perceived employer obligations grow whilst t he employee perceives their obligations as diminishing. A further problem when looking at work relating to the psychological contract is that, as identified by Arthur and Rousseau (1996), who note that only three recent works have approached the subject of the changing in nature of the traditional organizational career boundaries. One of these limited few studies was conducted by Altman and Post (1996) who investigated 25 Fortune 500 executives to examine their perceptions on the altering work relationships. The findings showed that executives recognised the phasing out of the traditional style contract and recognized a new form of contract (Sullivan, 1999) which built on employability and employee responsibility, as opposed to security and a paternalistic style. Despite the enthusiasm by some for the new form of relationship some studies have shown that employees do still expect to receive some form of career support from their management (Sturges, Conway Makenzie., 2002). This theory is also supported in work by Robinson, Kraatz Rouss eau (1994), who suggested that the level of an employees commitment to an organisation, was a result of the employees perceptions of their obligations to organizations and the degree to which they are reciprocated rather than from attachment, loyalty, or satisfaction, as has been most frequently suggested (Robinson et al 1994). Sturges et al (2002) and Robinson et al (1994), also agree that perceived violations of employer obligations leads to a decrease in the importance an employee places on their obligations. A further problem to the psychological contract notion is that a contract breach is a very subjective matter (Robinson 1994, Rousseau and Wade-Benzoni 1995). Robinson (1994) identifies that it is not important if an actual breach took place but rather if an employee perceives a breach to have occurred. A widely mentioned term in literature relating to psychological contract is trust (Robinson et al,1994). Robinson notes that trust can have a great significance on how a person perceives the actions of his employer and states that breaches in trust relate to judgments of integrity and beliefs in benevolence-that in turn reduce employees contributions. However other than Robinsons limited survey there is little to no empirical evidence in relation to the trust relationships between employees and employer. Critics of the psychological contract model contest the usefulness of current literature claiming it adds little to the field (Guest 1998, Robinson et al 1994). Some literature states that the effects of psychological contract breach can be treated as unmet expectations (Guest 1998). Should this assumption be true physiological contract breach research merely mimics prior research relating to unmet expectations (Robinson et al 1994). However, those that support the psychological contract paradigm suggest that differing from unmet expectations a breach of this contract will lead to erosion of trust and the foundation of the relationship between the two parties (Robinson et al 1994) this view is also supported by Rousseau (1996) and Sturges et al (2002). Unfortunately research on psychological contract breach is still itself relatively new and again there is little empirical evidence. What evidence there is will be fairly modern and there is now way to analyse a change over a longer pe riod of time making it difficult to comment on past trends. As stated above the apparent change in psychological contacts has great significance in new career patterns and organizational commitment. Employees are now viewed as a less adaptable resource for organisations and more active investors of their personal human capital (Gratton Ghoshal, 2003 as in Fernandez et al 2008).They will also gain responsibility for some level of career management including the seizure of opportunities and advanced learning with the aim to improve their future marketability (Sturges et al 2002). The changing nature of the business environment, including the globalisation, de-layering and highly competitive markets (as mentioned in my introduction) led to the appearance of new models for the modern career and organisations; The Boundaryless career (Arthur Rousseau, 1996) the protean career (Hall, 1976, 2002) as well as the Boundaryless organisation. Handy (1989) theorises one such configuration in the three leaf clover. The first leaf (the most important for survival) is core staff consisting of managers, professionals and technical staff. These staff are expected to invest personally in the organisation and have high commitment levels. The second leaf is contractors consisting of specialist companies who can normally do jobs such as distribution much more quickly and efficiently than in house. The third leaf is made up of the contingent labour force such as part time workers and temporary staff who act as a buffer for the core workers. The benefit of looking to examine an o rganisation in this way is that it enables managers to get a broader picture of the business environment and to be more flexible (Mirvis Hall 1994). Workers can be re-arranged and re-assigned and would hit the floor running (Mirvis Hall 1994) Extrapolating from the Boundaryless organisation these new career models aim to reflect the changing nature of the organisational relationship and psychological contract. Whilst the traditional career was seen as a paternalistic culture of vertical linear progression within just one or two organizations and measured by promotions and pay rises(Levinson, 1978; Super, 1957); the Boundaryless and protean models highlight the need for the individual to actively manage their own career, learning and psychological success. Workers who have protean career attitudes have been described as being intent upon using their own values (versus organizational values for example) to guide their career (values-driven) and take an independent role in managing their vocational behaviour (self-directed) (Fernandez et al 2008). In contrast, a worker who did not hold protean career attitudes would be more likely to be influenced by external values and would be more likely to look for external guidance and direction in their career choices as instead of being more proactive and independent (Mirvis Hall 1994,Hall 2002, Fernandez et al 2008) . Whilst those that show signs of leading a protean valued career style might show signs of greater openness to the idea of mobility and continuous learning, some theorists suggest that mobility and learning may be correlates of a protean career, but not necessary components of it (Fernandez et al 2008). It has been said that a worker considered to be following the Boundaryless career model navigates the changing work landscape by enacting a career characterized by different levels of physical and psychological movement (Sullivan Arthur,2006). While there may be some complementary features of the two models, many treat protean and Boundaryless career models as separate but related ideas. That is, a person could display protean rationales, making self directed and motivated career decisions, yet not follow a boundary crossing path. However, a person could hold a Boundaryless mindset but chose one organization to paternalistically guide their career (Fernandez et al 2008, Hall 2002) A Boundaryless career is viewed as independent from, rather than dependent on, traditional career arrangements (Arthur Rousseau, 1996), as it goes beyond the boundaries of an individual employment setting, involving both physical and psychological (objective vs. subjective) areas of mobility (Briscoe Hall 2005). The Boundaryless career is conceived by assuming that organizations are no longer capable of giving workers the traditional career path including stability and progression in exchange for commitment and hard work (Arthur, 1994; Arthur and Rousseau, 1996). As a consequence academics have identified the end of the traditional career where a person aims to progress through a company gaining power, notability and financial reward and predict workers following a more individualistic approach to goal setting and personal assessment (Arthur and Rousseau, 1996). The Boundryless career has been said to be the opposite of the Organisational Career (Arthur and Rousseau, 1996; Rodrigues and Guest, 2010). Arthur (1994) described in his original work 6 potential aspects of permeability and mobility across organisations: The most prominent [meaning] is when a career, like the stereotypical Silicon Valley career, moves across the boundaries of separate employers. A second meaning is when a career, like that of an academic or a carpenter, draws validation and marketability from outside the present employer. A third meaning is when a career, like that of a real estate agent, is sustained by extra-organizational networks or information. A fourth meaning occurs when traditional organizational career boundaries, notably hierarchical reporting and advancement principles, are broken. A fifth meaning occurs when a person rejects existing career opportunities for personal reasons. Perhaps a sixth meaning depends on the interpretation of the career actor, who may perceive a Boundaryless future regardless of structural constraints. A common theme to all these meanings is one of independence from, rather than dependence on, traditional organizational principles. (Arthur, 1994). One limitation of the idea that Boundaryless careers are the opposite to Organisational careers, is that it oversimplifies the changes in modern career patterns (Rodrigues and Guest, 2010). Moreover as identified by Rodrigues and Guest, (2010) Arthur places great emphasis on the notion of movement across organisational boundaries. Whilst transitioning across organisational boundaries is the defining feature of the new Boundaryless model, works such as Arnold and Cohen (2008) note that this organisational movement is not incompatible with the more traditional model of careers (Sullivan 1999) . Sullivan (1999) also notes that there is evidence to support the idea that this kind of mobility in the boundryless model is already present in America, and was empirically documented in a period perceived to be dominated by the traditional career style. Another study covering areas of career mobility looked at a selection of workers between 1957 and 1972, Topel and Ward (1992 as in Sullivan 199 9) who conducted the study demonstrated that during this period the workers followed (who were based in the states) had held an average of 10 jobs during their careers. Sullivan (1999) also identified a similar study by Hashimoto and Raisian (1985 as in Sullivan 1999) conducted in Japan, (an area often associated with the traditional one company career) found that workers there also had multiple employers over their careers. When Arthur Sullivan (2006) sought to further clarify the concept, and said career mobility can include the physical and/or psychological mobility, they also stated that mobility can be across many levels such as occupational, organisational and cultural(2006). However as noted by (Rodrigues and Guest, 2010) this amendment means that unless there is complete career immobility it is difficult not to classify any career as potentially Boundaryless. (Rodrigues and Guest, 2010) Baker and Aldrich (1996) constructed a measure for the Boundaryless career, they claim that for a career to be truly Boundaryless it would have to rank highly along three career dimensions. These dimensions consist of; number of employers, extent of knowledge accumulation, and the role of personal identity. This model places high value on marketable skills and a high personal identity which are rated just as highly as an employees mobility, ratings on these factors can help to determine whether a person is truly acting on the Boundaryless career. Along a similar line DeFillippi and Arthur (1996) derived a competency model, stating that those following a Boundaryless career build a portfolio of career competencies, this can be achieved by using DeFillippi and Arthurs knowing-why, knowing-whom and knowing how model of career enhancement. Eby et al. (2003) later built on DeFillippi and Arthurs (1996) work and sought to provide empirical evidence supporting it. Eby et al (2003) found tha t the knowing-why, knowing-whom and knowing-how competencies are important indicators of success of ones Boundaryless career. There have also been calls from writers such as Bird (1996) AND Fernandez et al, (2008) for a rethink and re-modelling of career ideas based on knowledge economies and personal knowledge obtainment. While some authors and their work have chosen to look at Boundaryless careers solely examining the physical re-arrangement of the working environment (Fernandez et al 2008) Sullivan and Arthur (2006) advocate the viewing of mobility across two planes, the physical and psychological when conducting research into careers. In her wide ranging literature review on the subject of careers Sullivan (1999) and later Sullivan Arthur (2006) look at what empirical evidence currently exists. Sullivan found that only sixteen studies examined mobility across physical boundaries, whereas only three studies focussed on the relationships across these boundaries (Sullivan Arthur, 2006). Similar findings to that of Sullivan are noted in the work of Briscoe et. al. (2006) who gave empirical evidence for the implementation of both the Boundaryless mindset and organizational mobility preference. Under the new form of psychological contract workers are said to display low levels of both loyalty to an organization and low levels of organizational commitment, what loyalty and commitment that does exist is under the condition that the organisation provides them with opportunities to advance their marketability through training and development (Rousseau Wade-Benzoni, 1995). Gunz (2000 as in Rodrigues Guest 2010) also noted how in a study by Zabusky and Barley (1996) of technicians, they found that the technicians placed greater value on growth and challenging work than they did on promotions. The companies who employed the technicians however had no systems in pace to offer this to them. As Sullivan (1999) identified, the study shows how individual career strategies must be considered within an organizational business strategies. The study also noted the problems of transforming from a culture of advancement (traditional career model) to a culture of achievement (Boundaryless c areer model) (Sullivan 1999). Large volumes of work centred around the changing psychological contract and the Boundaryless career model often gives great prominence to the positive aspects, such as increased opportunities for growth and job challenge (Sullivan (1999). Comparatively lesser amounts (Hirsch Shanley,1996 as in Sullivan 1999) have been focused on the downsides of the model, such as the problems underemployment and the possible reduction in organizational learning and personal development (Sullivan, 1999). One such piece on the negative aspects suggested that Workers who transfer into unrelated occupations often suffer from lowered status and reduced earnings (Markey Parks 1989). As previously mentioned some researchers like to separate the notions of the Protean and Boundaryless careers, However others such as Hall, (1976, 2002) note that those who follow a Boundaryless career approach often have Protean attitudes that help them navigate the organisational landscape. Hall notes that a Protean approach represents a self driven and self motivated approach to managing a personal career, which also builds on values such as freedom and adaptability (Hall, 1976, 2002). Baruch (2004)(as in Fernandez et al 2008) noted that the protean career was: a contract with oneself, rather than with the organization, as individuals take responsibility for transforming their career path, in taking responsibility for their career. Hall (2004) and Hall and Chandler (2005) concluded that the staple parts of the Protean orientation paradigm are: freedom, growth, professional commitment, and the attainment of psychological success, through the pursuit of meaningful work Fernandez et al (2008) Briscoe Hall (2006) identify the potential psychological implications of being highly Protean career driven in their work, they define someone truly Protean driven as on a quest to define meaning and success through the career (Briscoe Hall, 2006) In further research relating to personal Protean career management King (2004) found that being personally in control of ones own career and growth can lead to favourable psychological satisfaction, improved self-efficiency and personal well-being , if ones career goals are met. Further more in the work of Fernandez et al (2008) they identify that Seibert et al. (2001) and Crant (2000) (Bothe found in Fernandez et al 2008) also support the work of King (2004), as their findings suggest that individuals who have a proactive disposition achieve extrinsic career progression and internal satisfaction with their careers Fernandez et al (2008). Arthur (2009) too notes the importance of factoring into work environments and relationships the ability to meet personal goals which would generate both greater productivity and greater career satisfaction for the workers involved As a result of the work on Protean careers further work by Wrzesniewski and Dutton (2001) and Wrzesniewski et. al. (1997) (found in Fernandez et al, 2008) created the idea of career management though job crafting, this notion involves treating employees as creative identity builders (Fernandez et al, 2008) who use personal networks and support from others to achieve own career milestones. Whilst there are high levels of work relating to the potential for workers with protean attitudes, like the work on the Boundaryless model there appears to be little amounts of research relating to the downsides of the protean model, such as the effects of failing to meet personal goals and setting realistic personal goals. As the burden of ones career shifts away from the organisation and falls into the hands of the individual, networking plays an important role in the life of a self driven career (Arthur Rousseau, 1996, Sullivan 1999). The ability to form personal networks aids and supports the process of job mobility and accelerates personal development and job learning (Sullivan 1999). Networking as a tool allows an individual to extend their presence into wide ranging social circles and thus potentially increase job opportunities (Forret and Dougherty, 2004).Sullivan (1999) identifies that existing organisational structures do not support networking activities, therefore individuals forced out of a traditional organisational structure may experience problems in adapting to the new form of career paths. While networking abilities vary from person to person, it has been found through research (Forret and Dougherty, 2004) that networking benefits men more than it does women due to mens perceived abili ty to more effectively influence social groups. Sullivan (1999) also covers in her work the problem and limitations in research relating to women in the changing nature of employment. The high levels of women in part time work and work that is not classed as core workers could be creating an imbalance in research relating to Boundaryless and protean careers. Future research could look into if the increased family commitments of women effect their progress through the two forms of career. Whilst there is much literature being produced relating to the Boundaryless career not everyone is convinced of the evidence supporting it. As Gunz et al write: the trouble with the Boundaryless hypothesis is that it is still just that, a hypothesis (2000). They also note that while some authors advocate that organisational boundaries are diminishing it might just be that the nature of the boundaries are shifting/altering. Gunz et al note that boundaries, rather than disappearing, are becoming more complex and multifaceted. In fact they claim that boundaries of some sort are inevitable. Aurthur (2006) also notes that the much on the subject of Boundaryless careers often focuses on intra-organizational as opposed to inter-organizational changes. A further lack of research has been done on what Arthur (2009) identifies as the lack of legal status and protection mobile workers have under present employment law. Also as identified by Defillippi Arthur 1994 most research has been conducted on what they refer to as core workers and there is little empirical or theoretical work on non-core workers such as part-time and seasonal staff and their employment and career paths. Sullivan 1999 also notes that there has been very few empirical studies relating to the choices made by workers other than new graduates (such as in the work of Arthur and Rousseau (1996)). Although younger workers may provide greater data sets, as the most frequent movement across occupations occurs during the earliest years of a persons working life (Mergenhagen 1991 as in Defillippi Arthur,1994) The reason for this early career movement is suggested to be because younger workers have made fewer career specific investments and therefore feel less committed (Defillippi Arthur,1994). Whilst explaining why much research is conducted on younger workers this argument from Defillippi Arthur also support the earlier theories of Sturges et al (2002) as mentioned above regarding employees increased commitment over time. If the theories regarding younger mobility hold true then as the worlds workforce ages and in Asian areas such as china where there is already and aged population trends of increased job tenure would be expected. This is one area of future possible research. The lack of research conducted during adulthood, despite evidence that adults are making occupational choices throughout their lifetimes (Arthur Rousseau, 1996); proves to be a problem, as relatively little is known as to what motivates these cross organisational movements (Sullivan 1999). Whilst the concept of Boundaryless careers centres on the idea of workers easily moving between various organisations statistical data from Robinson (1997) shows no dramatic increase over the past 20 years in either job movement or job loss. A view supported in the work of Guest (1998) who found that time spent in organizations and in jobs has reduced only marginally, if at all, in the past 20 years, however he does speculate that a reduction in male workers tenure could be hidden by a rise in that of female workers. Rodrigues Guest (2010) also note that research into job stability trends has also been hampered by the variation in non-response rates and changes in the wording of the questions thu s making it difficult for long term trends to be identified. Briscoe et al (2006) notes a further problem in current research where some employees display strong attitudes of Boundaryless and protean models, yet they have no desire for physical mobility. This occurrence identifies a potential flaw in the way the two paradigms are defined and emphasises the need for greater care in outlining the premise. Failure to accurately define the notions could lead to problems in the adaptability of the model. Furthermore, lack of accurate definition could affect the relevance for researchers if the models cannot accurately put to use on real life situations. (Briscoe Hall, 2005, Fernandez et al, 2008) Fernandez et al, 2008 have also described what they see as researchers inability to fully explain their empirical findings with the protean and Boundaryless metaphors as already happening, which according to Briscoe Hall (2005) is causing a slight rumbling and backlash against the two paradigms. Conclusion As demonstrated in this work there are large and ever increasing amounts of work relating to the changing nature of employment relationships and career patterns. In the past decade the field of careers has produced much work to support the understanding of managers and employees regarding the employment and career relationships. No doubt thanks to recent global economic problems we can expect to see yet more work released over the coming few years. As discussed the changing nature of the relationships between employees and their employer has had significant coverage, however I identify 2 areas where there is potential for future research. The first of which was in the trust relationships between employees and employer. Further research on this area can help to further the psychological contract understanding and its values. A second area of research concerns the perceived value of contract breach. Whilst there is work concerning this matter as noted there is little empirical evidence of the consequences and frequency of this breach. Within the model of the Boundaryless career there is room for further research regarding the nature of people changes. Current work is focused from an organisational point of view and much research is quantitive. As a result there are few studies relating to what motivates people to make changes and whether the motivator affects the magnitude of change. Furthermore varying and dilute definitions of the Boundaryless career have been noted as a potential problem for future researchers, a re-conceptualisation of the definition may make it more adaptable in future. Whilst work on the protean career gives good explanation of its potential benefits, like the work on the Boundaryless career, little evidence has been published of potential problems and downsides of the model. An area for future research could include work on the consequences of failing to meet personally set objectives or how effective/inhibitive self critique may be for an individual. A further area to look into that is currently under represented in the literature is that of the non core workers, such as part time and temporary staff. This group is made up also of a disproportionate amount of women which would need to be taken into account when analysing the findings. The final area of indentified research relates to the current abundance of empirical evidence relating to young, often newly graduate workers and their career mobility choices. Whilst I have mentioned that this group is most prevalent to making cross-organisational career movements they are over represented in the l iterature meaning there are few studies on older workers. This has consequences for geographical and industry areas with an ageing population as career trends may be different to that of younger organisation or region. To summarise there is much useful and thought provoking work relating to the changing nature of careers and its applicability to nearly the whole of the population and all business makes it a fascinating area for reading and research. The continuing environmental changes and ever increasing literature means that changes and progression in the subject are likely to be fast paced and wide ranging. References List Altman, B. W., Post, J. E. 1996. Beyond the social contract: An analysis of the executive view at twenty-five larger companies. In D. T. Hall (Ed.), The career is dead long live the career: 46-71. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Arnold J, Cohen L (2008) The psychology of career in industrial and organizational

The Link Between Literacy and Recidivism Essay -- Literacy Essays

The website, literacy.kent.edu describes literacy as â€Å" being able to read and write at a level to be successful in today's world and also being proficient at math, knowing how to use technology, and knowing how to solve problems and make decisions.†(par. 1). So how do prisoners acquire these skills while they are incarnated away from the world? This is where literacy programs such as Literature-N-Living in Florida and Storybook Project come into play. Although these literacy programs seem minor to the world they are important to prison inmates, juvenile offenders and their community because studies show it can lead to reduced recidivism, positive attitude changes, and even enhance the prisoners own children's’ literacy. According to â€Å"Teaching Literacy in Order to Turn the Page on Recidivism† Emily Music stated, recidivism is â€Å"the tendency of a convicted criminal to relapse into a habit of criminal activity or behavior†(p. 723). What this means is that recidivism is the rate a criminal goes back to prison for committing a crime. Music also expressed that the key to reducing recidivism rates in the United States is decreasing illiteracy rates among juvenile delinquents(p. 724) Many studies since the 1990s state that the rate of recidivism goes down if there are options made available for inmates.Along with William Drakeford explaining in his study that the â€Å"Reading skills of the youth in corrections could improve given the opportunity to learn in a structure environment† ( p.143). A study in found inmates who did take this opportunity had a â€Å"59% lower recidivism rate than those who did not† (Walker par. 3).As long as prisons provide these literacy progr ams and if prisoners participate they have more than 59% less of a chance o... ...ybook Project.† Aid to Inmate Mothers. Web. 20 Feb. 2014 Music, Emily. "Teaching Literacy In Order To Turn The Page On Recidivism." Journal Of Law & Education 41.4 (2012): 723-730.OmniFile Full Text Mega (H.W. Wilson). Web. 4 Feb. 2014. TURVEY, Sarah, and Jenny HARTLEY. "What Books Can Do Behind Bars." Adults Learning 25.1 (2013): 30-31. Readers' Guide Full Text Mega (H.W. Wilson). Web. 3 Mar. 2014. Vacca, James S. "Educated Prisoners Are Less Likely To Return To Prison." Journal Of Correctional Education 55.4 (2004): 297-305. Education Full Text (H.W. Wilson). Web. 3 Feb. 2014 Walker, Karen, and Inc. (EPI) Education Partnerships. "High School Education In Correctional Facilities. Research Brief." Education Partnerships, Inc (2006): ERIC. Web. 1 Mar. 2014. Willoughby, Mariano. â€Å"Books behind Bars.† Los Angeles Times 30 Jan 2000: B2. ProQuest. Web. 5 Feb. 2014.

Accepting Rejection and Rejecting Acceptance Essay

Dreamers are most likely to be the kinds of people who are prone to rejections and disappointments. I was once a dreamer who aimed to reach for certain heights which I believed were essential to my so-called â€Å"fulfilled life†. When I was young, I was in love with stories as poets are obsessed with their muses. There was something sensuously tempting about the idea of creating a world where your personal ideals exists and the place you have always longed to belong with is just around the corner of your imagination. I create stories in my head with such a passionate gesture that I would place a pen and paper beside my pillow and even talk to my characters alone in my room. I enjoyed conversing with their silent responses and violent whispers which led to a gradual creation of plots and conflicts. They became my friends and literary partners who helped me out with the stories that I wish to tell. My room suddenly became a place where stories transpire and manifest themselves on typewritten manuscripts. Every time I take a look at my drafts, they seemed to show a particular eagerness to be shown out there in public. I could not help but smile and absorb the eagerness too. When I was 16 years old, I took all my guts to show my four of my friends a freshly-written manuscript and asked them to give it a quick scan. They were just my friends and not even a publisher but it had been one of the most thrilling and suspenseful time of my life. The next day, two of my friends told me that they were not really that happy with my work. They thought it was boring. See more:  Manifest Destiny essay The other two did not even dare finish it. My story obviously was not good enough. However, I never lost hope. I knew I had a great story to tell filled with remarkable characters that were destined to be perpetually remembered such as Harper Lee’s Atticus Finch and Mark Twain’s Tom Sawyer. I knew there was something special about these people that I wish to free from my imagination and introduce to the real world. But I have failed them. I began to feel like a loser who pretended to be Superman by promising these creatures freedom from the clutches of a writer’s sporadic imagination. That depressing day gave me the realization that not only my work was rejected. It was the entirety of my ideal world that they have dismissed and discarded as something that was unacceptable and boring. I was a wreck. Suddenly, I began to despise the room which once seemed to provide me all the gladness in the world. Apparently, I have expected a lot from myself. I gave myself and these characters false hopes that one day we would be known for our uniqueness and greatness. Obviously, the world does not revolve that way. It rotates the other way around against the normal rotation of an insipid clock. Five years later, when I was trying to clean up my room, I visited my old box where my old manuscript was and started reading it after a very long time. I could not help but laugh about how amateur it had been at that time. The world that I have created in that story is absolutely not the world that I imagine to be ideal in the present time. The characters appeared to be some kids taken out directly from a teen flick. Rejection plays a brutally important role in a person’s development and growth. Without criticisms, one cannot experience the beautiful feeling of maturity. Truly, I have lost a great deal of positivism and childish enthusiasm when the first story that I dared to print for my friends received negative reviews. I have not printed and showed another story to someone for a long time after that incident. I have lost my personal communication with my characters. Meaning to say, they have stayed in their world as I have stayed in mine. That rejection made me realize that being too overly passionate about something is not healthy as it can ruin an aspect in your life that is essential. I could have gone mad if I have stayed drowned in my own pool of rejections. However, I finally came into realization that creating your own world by writing stories does not give you an assurance that other people are willing to share that world with you. Most of the time, you just have to keep that wonderful place hidden because it is your—and yours alone.

An evaluation of the possible methods of water provision in Northern Nigeria. The WritePass Journal

An evaluation of the possible methods of water provision in Northern Nigeria. INTRODUCTION An evaluation of the possible methods of water provision in Northern Nigeria. INTRODUCTION1.1  PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF REPORT.1.2  Background to the Development of a Water Supply Policy.1.3 The Water Situation of the region2.0 PRESENTATION OF OPTIONS.2.1 Introduction of options.3.0 REQUIREMENTS4.0 COMPARISON OF THE POSSIBLE METHODS OF WATER PROVISIONS.4.1 Groundwater4.2 Imported Water.4.3 Rainwater harvesting5.0 CONCLUSIONS6.0 LIMITATION7.0 RECOMMENDATIONSReferencesRelated INTRODUCTION Preliminary from the analysis already held by most academic that water should be regarded as an economically and socially significant. This report presents some of the accounts undertaken by a group of both international and local academicians for the possible methods of water provision to the arid region of northern Nigeria. 1.1  PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF REPORT. The main objectives of this report are: To examines and evaluates the possible methods of water provision to the arid region of northern Nigeria. Offers some recommendation for water policy about the most reliable methods of water provision, thereby describing; clarifying the Changes that need to be made. 1.2  Background to the Development of a Water Supply Policy. The climatic condition of the north eastern part of  Nigeria  is such that it is not easy for yearly and other plants to produce due to limiting factors as water (Oxford Business Group, 2010). The northern region, specifically the northeast arid district of northern Nigeria according to Bermingham (2000) is monopolised by a low annual rainfall determined in only three months. The average annual rainfall in the northern Nigeria ranges from 500-750 millimetres and it always not the same; is extremely unpredictable, due to the fact that most of it falls as severe, often with, extreme variability, storms (Mathews 2002), In other, the vegetation is sparse and the grasses are very short. Precisely, according to the SLGP consultant’s report  carried out by Fullbrook et al in the year 2005, they made the emphases that Kano State of the northern Nigeria don’t have a policy for water and therefore there are needs for improving the sustainable provisions of water .Furthermore, they claimed that the water supply condition in Kano State is poor and has been deteriorating for many years in both the urban and rural areas due to speedy in the population growth and ineffective attitudes to water supply provision, combined with inadequate funding. Inadequate supply has enormous effects for the health of the inhabitants. Water is ostensibly free in rural areas but people in urban areas are charged for it. Also because the the approach of the government towards water supply has always been top down with no input into planning decisions from citizens. Water supply has factually been viewed by a large part of the population and by many politicians as a social service (Fullbrook, et al 2005) 1.3 The Water Situation of the region The population of the states in the northern region of Nigeria are growing rapidly. According to Fullbrook et al (2005), precisely in the Kano state, the population and the water supply statistics state one of the northern states of Nigeria. As of the calculations presented in the table, 44% of the population has access to potable water. Therefor the table according to them specifies that  Ã‚  in the order of 4.8 million to 6.7 million people in Kano State are don’t have enough water supply as shown on the table below: Table 1: Population and Water Supply Statistics S/No. Objects Low Value High Value 1 Estimated total state population 8,600,000 12,000,000 2 Population outside of Greater Kano (75%) 6,450,000 9,000,000 3 Greater Kano area population (1-2) 2,150,000 3,000,000 4 Semi-urban population (30% of 2) 1,935,000 2,700,000 5 Rural Population (2-4) 4,515,000 6,300,000 6 Population served Greater Kano (50%) 1,075,000 1,500,000 7 Population not served Greater Kano area 1,075,000 1,500,000 8 Population served semi-urban (50%) 967,500 1,350,000 9 Population not served semi-urban 967,500 1,350,000 10 Population served rural (39%) 1,760,000 2,457,000 11 Population not served rural 2,754,000 3,843,000 12 Total population serve 3,803,000(44%) 5,307,000(44% 13 Total population not served 4,797,000 6,693,000 2.0 PRESENTATION OF OPTIONS. 2.1 Introduction of options. The distinctive roles of the methods for the provision thereby dealing with the issue of lack of water in the northern part of Nigeria are slated below; such are: Ground water. Imported water and Rainwater Harvesting. 3.0 REQUIREMENTS The possible methods of water provision to the arid region of northern Nigeria were compared according to the following criterias; Cost Ease of use Water quality Quantity of water produced. 4.0 COMPARISON OF THE POSSIBLE METHODS OF WATER PROVISIONS. 4.1 Groundwater One of the possible methods of water provision to the semi-arid region of the northern Nigeria is the groundwater. According to Mather (2004) He pointed out that the groundwater methods is predominantly a good and unresolved choice for sustainable water provisions in the northern Nigeria. Furthermore, Adelana and Macdonald in 2008 and Alley in 1993, they made the significant claimed that the achievement of a maintainable supply, planning is need which required the hydrological and hydrogeological data on the water demand and the other socio-economic conditions such as the cost of drilling pomp and other materials-the development of under group water required some processes the quality will be affected if not follow one after the other. 4.2 Imported Water. Furthermore, the imported water should be one of the possible of method of water provision. According to Gratzfeld and et al in 2003, they stated that the use of boreholes pumps with hand pumps, canals, pipeline, and tankers has increased the opportunity for rural areas that lack water supply. And this has good effects on such activities like, agricultural activities like irrigation has been a major means of these methods. An obvious conclusion from the work of   Ã‚  Arlosoroff (1984) is that historically, the hand pump maintenance has been managed in many different ways, though with little exclusion, some initiative has been made mainly just to repair the pump once it has damaged down rather than to carry out a scheduled preventive maintenance. Pump reliability (availability) depends on both the frequency of breakdowns and the length of time for which the pump is out of service each time it needs attention. 4.3 Rainwater harvesting Rain water is the seizure of precipitation for human use close to where it drops before it goes down into the ground (Thomas and Ford, 2000). Domestic Rainwater harvesting (DRWH), a sub-set of rainwater harvesting is usually manifest as roof run-off harvesting because ground overflow is too dirty for safe human drinking (Thomas, 2000) and Audu (1999) the rain water harvesting is usually motivated by its surface supplies, thereby in a case where pipeline water provisions and ground water are not available there is tendency for each and every home in the community to practices the rainwater harvesting method. However according to Marson (2006) in Kaplan (2011) the water can be hazardous due to some pollutant such as dust, bird dropping and some atmospheric constituents. Therefor this method is cheap, easy but not that good. 5.0 CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, water has been one of the most problems of the northern Nigeria; however there are three possible methods of supplying water to the semi-arid region of northern Nigeria mentioned and analysed in this report and these methods are compared in terms of such issues as cost, ease of use, quality and quantity of the water. 6.0 LIMITATION Because of the limitation in terms of the word count this report was unable to express visibly the detail explanation of the requirements and the comparison of options.    7.0 RECOMMENDATIONS In view of   all the requirements in providing water to the arid region, it could be seen that the most reliable and affordable methods is the rain water harvesting, reason being that in the northern Nigeria there are large population with low cost of living and their major occupation is agriculture. In the dry season, majority of the plants and animals die, probably due to lack of water. Sotherefor, rainwater harvesting should be the best options during the rainy season. However the rain water can be impure and easily contaminated due to the effects of environmental hazards. Finally, for a good quality of water, government, and other bodies should intervene in the imported water method since the people don’t have enough finance. References Adelana, S., and MacDonald, M. (2008) Applied Ground studies in Africa, IAH Seleted Papers on Hydrogeology, 13. Balkema: CRS Press. Alley, M.(1993) Regional Ground-Water Quality. New York: John Willey and Sons. Arlosoroff, S. (1984) Rural Water Supply Handpumps Project. World Bank Technical report No.29. Bermingham, S. (2000) Changing Environments. Oxford: Heinemann. Fullbrook,J., et al (2005) Development of a Water Supply Policy for Kano State Government. Retrieved 7th April 2011, slgnigeria.org/uploads/file/106.pdf. Gratzfeld, J., et al (2003) Extractive Industries in Arid and Semi-Arid Zones: Environmental Planning and Management. Cambridge: IUCN. Mather,J., (2010) 200 Years of British hydrogeology. Bath: Geological Society. Mathew,M., (2002) Nigeria: Current Issues and Historical Background. New York: Nova Publishers. Thomas, D., and Ford, R. (2005) The Crisis of Innovation in Water and Waste Water. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.

Mcdonalds Case Study Essays

Mcdonalds Case Study Essays Mcdonalds Case Study Essay Mcdonalds Case Study Essay Case Study #1 McDonalds’s â€Å"Senior’s† 08/07/2011 McDonalds â€Å"Seniors† Restaurant                                                    Bridgett Bowen is the owner of a McDonalds restaurant that is open to public but recently the main clientele of the Bowens restaurant has been seniors. She would like to develop a marketing strategy that addresses the needs of her senior citizen patrons and also the regular everyday customer. However, she is looking for additional recommendations to improve her marketing mix. It is important not to neglect senior citizens as they are an important part of the market and they have money to spend but at the same time young consumers are considered to be the main users of chain restaurants due to the reputation of most McDonald stores. If Bowens decides to only concentrate on her senior clientele, she seriously risks the future profitability and popularity of her business. These older customers are an orderly group and very friendly to anyone who comes in. Further, they are neater than most customers, and carefully clean up their tables before they leave. Nevertheless, Suzanne is beginning to wonder if anything should be done about her growing non fast-food clientele. There is no crowding problem yet, during the time when the seniors like to come. But if the size of the senior citizen group continues to grow, crowding could become a problem. Further, Suzanne is concerned that her restaurant might come to be known as an old people restaurant which might discourage some younger customers. And if customers felt the restaurant was crowded, some might feel that they wouldnt get fast service. On the other hand, a place that seems busy might be seen as a good place to go and a friendly place eat with family. I also think that no restaurant business will want their clients to stay for a long time without purchasing items on a consistent basis. Bridgett needs to develop a strategy where she will have a constant flow of buying consumers young and old. A secondary problem may be the title of the restaurant could be at risk. The fast food label may become a social restaurant, similar to a bar or lounge atmosphere. It may take on the name of the â€Å"old people’s restaurant†. This will detour many of the younger customers and the customers who are coming to get the fast food service There is also a possibility that if she continues to concentrate on senior citizens they might monopolize the restaurant and younger generation would feel uncomfortable visiting a place filled with seniors. Mc Donald’s restaurant must accommodate more young customers as well as the older ones because of its notable services being offered worldwide, such as affordable meal price, comfortable and convenient place, and playground areas for children, also offering safe and healthy foods. In addition, the idea of adding bingo to add to the excitement of the mornings for the seniors from nine to eleven a. m. may be a good idea to help add to the money flow of the seniors. Using the party room would accommodate up to 150 senior patrons and leave the main part of the restaurant open to other paying customers. She figures she could charge $5 per person for the two-hour period and run it with two underutilized employees which won’t cost the restaurant any extra money. The prizes would be coupons for purchases at her store and would amount to about two-thirds of the bingo receipts which will bring back into the store. An Alternate solution would be to end the senior meal deal. If the deal attracts the crowd than the deal may slowly push the senior crowd away. That marketing deal would be in hopes to attract the younger crowd in which they may eat the more expensive meals. I would recommend that the low costing meal for the seniors would end somewhat earlier in the morning. By advertising that the offer is only good until nine a. m. then the seniors may hang around a shorter length of time. After nine passes then the seniors will become hungry again and may go home and go to sleep.

How did the psychological disorders, such as shell shock, in World War Essay - 1

How did the psychological disorders, such as shell shock, in World War I impact on the societal, cultural, and political level in West European countries such as Britain and France - Essay Example But the impacts were for a fact a concern. The impact can be seen from the aftermath prompt cure; cognitive re-structuring of various traumatic experiences (i.e. avoiding the past thoughts) and interacted with the therapist in the seeking for a cure. On social front many were unable to fit well into the society as a lot had changed during the cause of the war. Many of the soldiers were psychologically ill affecting their lives and individual families. After the war many traumatized soldiers from France and Britain soldiers shared several common symptoms – from twitches, anxiety, speech difficulties and digestive complications to more complex nervous indispositions. These affected the economic frontier of their countries since many were incapable to appropriately fit into the society. For instance, while doctors found it strange that these symptoms many times often never present in these countries until the solder was back in the original confines of civilian life. These psycho logical disorders in World War I impact on the societal level of Britain and France. The soldiers were largely unable to culturally transform in these European nations and unable to conform to the cultural expectations. The post psychological impacts such as shell shock have gone a long way in impacting on cultural aspect of the British and French societies. World War 1 can be considered as one of the hinge moment in the culture of the Britain and France. This can be largely attributed to the psychological experiences that were evident. Together the path of cultural effect was set one that set all the difference. Most notable was the impact was in cultural values such as traditional ideologies. The nature of the treatment become more integral part of the cultural heritage and later changed the cultural expectation and behaviors in Britain

Culture and Orgnisaztion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Culture and Orgnisaztion - Essay Example Some of the excellent models that attained high sales volumes include V8 Morgan and Plus 8 models dues to their traditional craftsmanship and ability to win numerous sporting races. The company culture is appreciates innovation since Aero model ultimately evolved to a high-end luxury Aero SuperSports Morgan in order to meet the changing consumer needs of more fashionable and stylish cars. The political environment is characterised by stable governments while the economic environment is characterised by high growth in consumer incomes and increase in consumer spending (Stanford, 2013). The social environment has favorable attitudes towards luxurious cars while the technological environment is characterised by stylish automobile designs (Avolio & Gardner, 2005, p 320). However, there is stiff competition in the automobile industry and increase in the costs of raw materials. The company aspires to remain flexible and small while remaining faithful to the philosophy and original HFS†™s concept of lightweight construction. The aim of the paper is to illustrate the culture of Morgan Motor Company in the human resource department using Schein model of culture and determine how the organisation has maintained to remain consistent in its culture. The paper will also examine the application of Schein organisational culture model at Morgan Motor Company. The paper will examine the cultural artifacts and observable behaviours and determine their consistent with the current espoused values and assumptions. The country culture refers to the complex knowledge, art, beliefs, moral laws, customs and habits that define the interactions in the society. Accordingly, the country culture influences the business culture and includes the collective programming the distinguish the member of one human group from another (Hofstede, 2001). In this case, British culture can be identified by the greetings, dress code, customer tastes

To what extent do markets pose a threat to democracy Essay

To what extent do markets pose a threat to democracy - Essay Example While accepting that both the state and market perform indispensable functions in a dynamic society, social market strategies seek to expand and create new social sectors that belong to neither the competitive market nor the regulative state systems. Producer cooperatives take labor out f the market by removing corporate shares from the stock market and maintaining local worker ownership; community land trusts take land out f the market and place it under local democratic controls to serve the economic or cultural needs f communities; community finance corporations take democratic control over capital to finance cooperative firms, make investments in areas f social need, and fight the redlining policies f conventional banks. (Bruyn 1-7) To struggle for economic democracy is not to presume that social market strategies would work on a large scale if they were imposed next year on a political culture unprepared for them. The social vision f economic democracy can only take shape over t he course f several decades, as hard-won social gains and the cultivation f cooperative habits and knowledge build the groundwork for a better society. Such a project does not call for large-scale investments in any particular economic model; it does not rest upon illusions about human nature; it does not envision a transformed humanity. Niebuhr's epigrammatic justification f democracy will suffice for economic democracy: The human capacity for justice makes democracy possible, but the human inclination to injustice makes democracy necessary. Niebuhr did not deny that the human capacity for fairness is often moved by genuine feelings f compassion and solidarity, but to him it was evident that all such feelings are mixed in human nature with more selfish motives. The crucial point was that democracy is necessary precisely because virtually everyone is selfish. Because human beings are so easily corrupted by the attainment f power, Niebuhr argued, democracy is necessary as a restraint on greed and the human proclivity to dominate others. By the time he wrote the book that elaborated this argument, Niebuhr was no longer inclined to press the argument as a case for economic democracy. The Children f Light and the Children f Darkness was written in 1944, several years after Niebuhr gave up on Marxism and only a few years before he formally rejected Christian socialism. During these few years, when he tentatively held out for a socialism stripped f its Marxist illusions, he did not explore the possibilities f a politics that democratized and decentralized economic power. For Niebuhr, socialism meant economic nationalization, state economic planning, and production for use. To him, there were only three serious possibilities: free market capitalism, state socialism, and New Deal liberalism. Throughout the 1930s, while America's welfare state was being constructed, Niebuhr ridiculed and denounced it with unqualified contempt. A decade later, having renounced his Marxism, he made his peace with Roosevelt's liberal reformism and

Multicultural Britain Essay Example for Free

Multicultural Britain Essay My task is to explain why people chose to immigrate to Britain, with reference to the period 1880 to the present day. Britain has been Multicultural for hundreds of years. There are the diverse cultures and languages of the people of Scotland, Wales, Ireland and England. Britains links with the commonwealth countries of the Caribbean, Anglophone Africa, Cyprus, Australia, New Zealand and the Indian subcontinent were established through trade and subsequent conquest and colonization. Around five per cent of Britains present population are from ethnic minorities. Multicultural can be a controversial term, associated with various ideas about racial and cultural identities, cultural, diversity and difference, and policies and practices in schools and local government authorities. Since ancient times people have been moving to Britain and settling there. These immigrants have all made a change to Britain as a whole. There are many reasons for immigration, some of which being wars, famine, draught, economic changes, lack of facilities, religious restraints, prejudice, discrimination or even as refugees. Since the seventeenth century Jews had lived in Britain and had soon become a vital part of British life, including the social, political and economic life of Britain. Throughout the nineteenth century a minority of Jews continued to migrate to Britain, with many Jews even being born there. However after the welcoming of 1880, the minority of Jews already living there (Anglo-Jewish) experienced a sudden flood of Jews into Britain. In 1881 the Russian Jews were held responsible for the assassination of Tsar Alexander II. Many Jews now became certain that it was time to leave and start a new life in a Western country. Many moved to Britain knowingly there was already a secure successful community of Jews there. The Jewish immigrants were condemned by some English Jews whilst others welcomed them with open arms. On the other hand the English people blamed the Jews for the overcrowding in Britain and also for making it difficult to look for jobs and work. The Jews settled in the large cities of London, Leeds and Manchester. These cities had a large population of Jews who were hoped to be supported by the Russian Jews, there was also a great opportunity of work here. However the Jews had to live in the poorer, overcrowding areas of these cities. Despite the overcrowding and poor living conditions, the house rent was high due to the shortage of housing. The rent along with lack of jobs and living conditions were all causes of racism and injustice against the Jews. However most Jews lived in the poorer areas, as this was all they could afford. Some wealthy Jews took action and built blocks of flats. Due to the immigration of the Jews, before 1881 British inhabitants expanded at a rate of 4% per year, after 1881 the population increased 10% every year. However the Jews that had come all settled in the East end, thus making this area concentrated with the number of Jews. This worried some of the Anglo-Jewish community for many reasons. It made the Jews very visible; the Jewish people already living in England were disturbed regarding the influence that so many Jews would have on the good interaction built up by the Jews already living in England with the English people. The Jews were already very different in their traditions, etiquettes and political affairs than that of the British Jews. Soon the Jews became news. The type of work the Jews chose to do in tailoring and footwear they chose to do it with Jews who could speak Yiddish (a Jewish language), and who understood their religious needs. The work they chose relied on their existing skills or involved skills that could be learned quickly and had a number of simple recurring procedures. All the work could be done in small grounds, such as houses, cellars e.t.c. The work was done by a small number of people. The situation in such work areas was objectionable. Work hours could also be varied according to the religious calendar. The Jews entered England at a time of rising redundancy and therefore were held responsible by the legislator of challenging with the English taking into account the few jobs which were obtainable. The idea of the immigrant Jews and sweating (the practice of overworking and underpaying workers in cramped, ill-lit and unhealthy conditions), became associated in the minds of many English people. The people of England had many views of the Jews. A negative impression of the Jewish immigrants is that they caused overcrowding, working in unhygienic conditions and breathing an atmosphere of wool particles containing dangerous dyes. The flush was also so outlandish to the laypeople that they had not yet learnt how to pull the chain so as to wash out and clear the toilet. However a positive impression is gained by other inhabitants that they soon became successful and praised them of their intelligence. Most British people commiserated with the Jews but because of the numbers and celebrity of Russian Jewish immigrants, the attitude of people to the Jewish immigrants began to revolutionize. The alien question, soon became the subject in the British politics. The Alien question was of three parts being that some individuals sensed that a law was essential to determine who could colonize in Britain, The aliens became a factor to the sweating matter, and some also reasoned that it was the aliens who pushed up the rents of houses. Soon later a pressure group, the British Brothers league was structured, which was to confine alien immigrants. With all these pressures the Conservative Government allotted a Royal Commission on Alien immigration. A new law was soon primed on the Royal Commissions work. The Bill of 1904 would eliminate as undesirable, persons of extremely bad character, or without perceptible means of support or likely to become a public charge. However the shipping companies who transported the immigrants also promoted the Government to gain their support and the liberals also strongly opposed this bill being passed. Due to such opposition the bill was withdrawn. However the Conservatives that the new law would promote voters especially at a time when the next general election was in a years time, so the Aliens Bill was put back into the Parliament in 1905, and this time the Liberals also never stood in its way as they knew a new law be popular. On 10 August 1905 the bill became law, however if the immigrant is seeking admission to avoid prosecution or punishment on religious or political grounds, permission to enter shall not be refused on the ground that he does not have enough money or will be a burden on others. An extract from the Aliens Act (1905) The conservatives lost the election in 1906, and so the Liberal Home Secretaries operated the law. To start with many immigrants were sent back as they failed to state things which would grant them entry, therefore the number of Jews coming to Britain fell until 1909. However after 1909 the figure of immigrants returned back to the normal figure of 5000 a year. Many Jews welcomed the act or refused to condemn it. The Jews who had just immigrated t6o the East End of London reacted in much the same way as they feared overcrowding and competition of work. The Anglo-Jewish community had stated that the Jews settling in one place would bring attention to their dress, language and manner. They also warned that in fifteen years time the progeny of todays refugees would be the great bulk of Englands population, and therefore bring shame to the community. To deal with this prospect the education of the children of the Immigrated Jews was encouraged. The leaders of the Jewish community were very anxious and supportive in the fist world war. In the last ten years of the nineteenth century a new movement was put into action called Zionism, this was in favour to gain a Jewish homeland. The favoured place for this was in the ancestral Jewish home, Palestine. However the Anglo-Jewish community opposed the idea of a homeland as they never wanted all their relationships with the British to be gone down the drain. They wanted to be seen as a community loyal to the British and religious not as a people without a homeland. In 1917 the British army invaded Palestine which was then under Turkish rule. The British government issued a statement that broadly supported the creation of a homeland. At t6he same time the British issued another statement which promised the Arabs inde3pendence from the Turks. This was to win the support of the Jews in America and to involve America in the war. Empty promises were also made to the Arabs to involve them in the war too on Britains side. From 1914, the anti-German hysteria that swept the country did not distinguish between Jew and German. Criticism to the Jewish immigrants centred on how many of the new immigrants joined up to fight. The Anglo-Jewish wanted to fight for their new country. Press reports of Russian Jews moving from London to the countryside to avoid the Zeppelin raids added to prejudice towards the Jews. The Balfour Declaration brought attention to Zionism in Britain which made people believe that the Jews were ungrateful to their adapted country Britain. The Russian Revolution also helped form the views of the British against the Jewish immigrants and were portrayed by the newspaper as communists. The Aliens Restrictions Act was passed in 1914 which as a result had a huge influence on Jewish immigrants. Zionism was too now weakened whilst prejudice against the Jews increased. Using the powers of 1919 almost all the poor working-class immigrants went to decline. In the 1920s many Jews had now gained a higher position within the British society and were a more prosperous community. Due to this prosperity the Jews now started to move out of the East end of London. As Britain saw the beginning of the Depression years one Labour Politician was Sir Oswald Mosley. He resigned from Labour in 1930 as many of his ideas of how to solve the problem of unemployment were rejected. He set up his own new party in 1931 known as the New Party. Mosley, in 1932 created the British Union Fascists (BUF). Mosley saw the socialists and the communists as a danger. Mosley also enjoyed support from the Daily Mirror owner, Lord Rothermere, through which he made sure that it reported favourably of the BUF. In the beginning the BUF were not anti-Semitic, but later in 1934 the BUF policy changed and now Jewish people were no longer allowed to be members of the BUF. Throughout the year 1934 Jewish people were attacked and provoked. The Jews were all advised not to do anything against the law thus not to be seen as lawbreakers. On 4 October 1936 the BUF planned a march through the East End of London and planned to listen to Mosley speak at intervals. Jewish Trade Unionists and communists arranged a blockade to the march with barricades. As a result the BUF had to abandon the march from the Tower of London to Victoria Park in Hackney. Immediately after the event of Cable Street, support for the BUF grew. However in the long term the BUF were in decline. Mosleys attempts to try and stir up violence towards the Jews were much criticised. The Government tried to stop this by passing the Incitement to Disaffection Act in November 1934 and a new public Order Act in 1936 which affected the holding of marches. However the BUF did not win any local or general election seats and as a result Mosley was imprisoned from 1940 to 1943. The event of Cable Street showed that there were divisions among the Jews themselves as thousands of working-class Jews rejected the calls of their leaders to stay off the streets. This event also proved that extreme parties were also a threat to law and order, and as a result was acted quickly to in order to stop their influence. In 1945 when the Second World War ended, Europe had changed. Millions of people had lost their homes etc. Towns and cities were devastated. Countries in Eastern Europe were taken over by the communist government with very different ideas about equality and freedom to those governments in the West. Many people in Eastern Europe did not want to live under a communist government. As a result of these wars millions of people became refugees. Many people were already in Britain when the war ended. After Hitler invaded Poland many Poles left Poland and many came to Britain, and some came to Britain only to fight against Germany. When Poland became communist in 1945, many of the Poles decided to stay in Britain. Some of the refugees from Europe came to Britain in search of a new life and were welcomed by the British as Britain needed to be re-built after the devastation of the war. Large numbers of workers were needed especially in mining, engineering, agriculture, transport and building. This was due to many British men and women being killed, injured etc. During the war many women were encouraged to work but after were encouraged to stay at home. This meant that more workers were needed to replace them. Britain was made worse by many British people moving to the Old Common Wealth countries. During the Second World War the British Empire was very important in the war, as these people had raw materials, people industries etc. After the Second World War, these people from British colonies were encouraged to come to settle in Britain. This was because Britains post war labour shortage could not be solved by refugees alone. British companies advertised in the New Commonwealth Countries for workers. All citizens of the British colonies were given the right to settle in Britain. Almost one quarter of the worlds population was allowed to settle in Britain due to its great empire. In 1948 the British Nationality Act was passed which gave citizens of the British colonies and of the commonwealth equal rights of citizenship in Britain as those people who had been born and bread in Britain. After the second World War many Caribbeans emigrated to Britain. This was partly because they had fought for this country and others were just curious to see the land they had fought for. At first immigration from the Caribbean to Britain was slow but soon after a hurricane in Jamaica in 1951 immigration increased. Another cause of the rise in immigration was that the USA had set strict rules on immigration from the Caribbean and so people who wanted to migrate had to look for other options of where to migrate to. Many people who lived in cities were well paid and did not want to do jobs like cleaning etc and so immigrants from the colonies were encouraged to do this type of work. Many West Indians were welcomed as nurses and the Caribbeans settled in Britain and so the later arrivals were mainly wives, children and parents of those people who had settled in Britain. Britain was portrayed to these people who migrated to Britain as being the mother-country, kind, caring and powerful. Upon migrating, many of these people were surprised to see the amount of filth and dirt in Britain. Britain was not as wealthy as they had expected. However people who had come to Britain to fight in the Second World War were welcomed warm heartedly, but on the other hand when these people returned to Britain due to labour shortages, the treatment they received was completely contradictory to what they had received at the Second World War. When Queen Victoria came to throne, Britain had the smallest empire with the least territory. Queen Victorias death however, left behind a greater territory approximately ruling 500 million people. British ideas were of being superior to any other race, thus inferior. Britain used adverts to target many people and to spread its ideas of unity and loyalty to the people of Britain. Between 1945 and 1968, important changes were made to who had the right of citizenship in Britain. The rights of citizenship had been restricted by 1968. The changes happened partly because of racist attitudes and partly due to changing economic changes. Since the Second World War the pattern of migration into and out of Britain has changed. This has been due to changes in the law, wars, abuses of human rights, poverty, famine, and the formation of the European Union. Since 1990 the rights of refugees and asylum seekers in Britain have also changed and become a controversial political issue. There was less immigration after the Second World War of the British citizenships had been born in the colonies of commonwealth. The British Nationality Act and the immigration Laws made it difficult to enter Britain. However immigration from the European Union was allowed however immigration from poor undeveloped countries such as the Caribbean were not allowed to set work permits in Britain. Overtime people had come to Britain as refugees and also left in search of refuge such as the Jews. Nevertheless, people have migrated to Britain due top wars in their own countries leaving millions of people homeless, in search of jobs, famine in their homelands, in search of a better life, education, medication, for marriage purposes, persecution in their country and some have also come to Britain as refugees and even as asylum seekers. In conclusion, the reasons for the entry of millions of people into Britain during the years from 1880 to the recent day are extremely complicated, revolving around a complex of economic, political. Short term, underlying and personal push and pull factors. The immigration of any individual minority includes a set of factors peculiar to itself. In some cases, such as the mid-nineteenth century, Irish push factors played an overwhelming role, as the famine literally forced the people off the land. However the geographical proximity of Britain and the open door policy towards immigration played a fundamental role in attracting the Irish. The potato crop failed completely and one million Irish died of disease starvation. As a result about 200,000 people emigrated, about half of them to Britain. Between 1870 and 1914 over 200,000 Jewish people arrived in Britain. Most of these Jews lived in East London where living conditions were bad. It was easy for them to fin d work (for untrained people e.g. clothing and furniture) but were low paid and worked long hours. Yet many Jews visited the synagogue and were free to practice their religion. The entry of immigrants to Britain did not happen steadily but in waves. Some periods had more immigrants flooding into Britain than others. The media have recognised that Britain has become a multi society and presents some positive images of Blacks and Asians. People of Asian origin have become the most successful businessmen in Britain. In short, there have been both continuities and new developments in the history of immigrant minorities in Britain before and after 1945. Because of the more complete documentation after 1945, we can form a fuller picture of the contemporary situation. However, we can make the following assertions for the whole course of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. First, Britain has witnessed for a complex of reasons, the constant entry of a wide variety of immigrants, who have played an important role in the development of the economy. Second, these groups have varied in size, social composition, and gender make-up, but they are part of British capitalist class society, not distinct from it. Finally, ethnicity has developed to a great extent, especially amongst larger minorities. However, as a different view, in conclusion, I also say that social scientists have found it very difficult to explain one of the most popular methods of explanation is to use a push pull model which distinguishes between the push of economic necessity in the migrants home society and the pull of opportunity from abroad. The difficulty with this approach is that it obscures the inherent complexity of population movements and, as some critics have pointed out, it often treats the subjects as if they were automatons reacting to forces beyond their control. Ceri Peach, in his study of West Indian migration to Britain (1968), warns against relying too much on push determinism. The movements he describes did not take place during periods of economic depression in the Caribbean and they were not correlated to high rates of population growth. Peach concludes that there is strong evidence for the view that (West Indian) migration was reacting not to internal conditions, but to a sing external stimulus namely the demand for labour in Britain (1968:93). This conclusion might be satisfactory if one wishes to leave the analysis of the highest levels of abstraction, but the migrants themselves rarely accept generalisations of this nature. Furthermore, other Historians have clearly demonstrated that it is impossible to categorise all of the relevant factors as either push or pull.